Introduction

Over the years Blue Fish has been asked to build Web Content Management solutions for a wide range of clients. With any WCM solution, our goal is to enable non-technical users to create and maintain a highly usable website. Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 specifically mandates that government and government funded websites be accessible for handicapped individuals, but many of our clients are simply interested making their site usable by peoples with vision disabilities.

Many of the good design decisions and development habits that we follow can help make your website accessible to the visually impaired – even if the law does not mandate your website to be Section 508 compliant. In general, these practices result in solutions that are more useable for persons with and without disabilities. So even though your website might not be required by federal law to meet the standards laid out in Section 508, you might just find that implementing some of the ideas that follow will result in a better website.

To be clear, I’m not describing a definitive “How To” with this article. Nor are we trying to explain a solution for every single facet of Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. There are plenty of resources available on the web that details the minutiae of Section 508. By leveraging some of these tips on your Web Publisher based WCM solution, I hope you’ll enhance the accessibility and usability of your website for all users regardless of health and disabilities.

A Little Section 508 Primer

Most companies and organizations that wish to make their website accessible for the visually impaired or disabled follow the technical standards defined by Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Section 508 codifies those technical requirements and all Federal agencies (as well as private institutions that receive funding from or under contract with a government agency) must meet during the development, procurement, use and maintenance of information technology solutions. The standards defined in Section 508 are intended to give disabled users – whether they are government employees or the public – comparable access to the information available to all other users which is why so many websites are designed to meet the standards regardless of legal obligation.

With regards to websites and other web based solutions, Section 508 provides sixteen provisions that must be met for a solution to be accessible to disabled peoples. These sixteen provisions are laid out in Sub-part B, 1194.22 of Section 508 and are widely detailed on various web resources, so listing them in this article would be redundant at best. The ultimate goal of the sixteen provisions – and the following best practices – is to ensure accessibility for visually impaired persons using assistive technologies such as screen readers by providing contextual text labels and descriptions for graphics, navigation, and other web page elements.

Although originally added in 1986 as an amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, it was not until 1998 that the current implementation and enforcement of Section 508 came to fruition. It is a common misunderstanding to think Section 508 is part of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990; Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was the basis for the ADA, but that is the only connection. Similarly, the World Wide Web Consortium’s Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) are related to – but not part of – Section 508 compliance. The WCAG are voluntary and unenforceable whereas Section 508 provides a course of action against violators of the law. In the case of the WCAG, there is indeed significant overlap between the guidelines and the sixteen provisions outlined by Section 508. In some instances, adhering to just one set of rules could quite possibly result in complete compliance with the other set, but the only way to ensure 100% compliance with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is to explicitly check against all sixteen points.

Design For Usability, Achieve Accessibility

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is in place to guarantee that disabled users of a given website can access the same information as all other users. There’s no guarantee that disabled users (or anyone else, for that matter) will be able to actually use the website efficiently and effectively.

When I first started designing and building WCM solutions, I used to spend a lot of time at the end of projects checking that the resulting website was accessible. Over time, I realized that if the website was designed for usability, the accessibility often came for free. A few simple tips to remember when designing for usability will also help accessibility include:

• Don’t rely on color as a differentiating factor –

  At this point, many of us are familiar with color coded alerts and stoplights. It’s intuitive to many that red means “danger” or “stop” and green means “safe” or “go”. Unfortunately, for a disabled user of your website – for example, someone with color blindness – differentiating red, yellow, and green icons might not be possible.

  For example, in Figure 1, the availability of Apple’s iPhone is indicated on a per store basis solely by the color of the stop light.

  
  Figure 1:
  Using Color As The Sole Indicator

  While the availability indicated in this image may have been intuitive to you and me, it’s not even necessarily readable to an individual with color blindness. Rather than just relying on green vs. red, Figure 2 shows a more accessible and useable representation of the same information from another website.

  
  Figure 2:
  Using Color and Other Indicators

  Figure 2 is a much better usability and accessibility decision; There is no mistaking that there are two states – in stock vs. out of stock – because the icons are not only two different colors, they are two different shapes.

• Use contextual and descriptive text for links and buttons –

  How many times have you read through a long block of text on a website and, at the bottom, been presented with a link that merely says “Read More”? If you’ve been reading a lot about ACME corporation, the real question is “Read More What.” By changing that link text to say “Read More About ACME’s Solution”, you’ve already made the page significantly more user friendly.

  By using descriptive text for links and buttons, as described in the simple example above, your website moves closer to being Section 508 compliant. A disabled user who is visiting the website with a text reader isn’t going to have the visual clue that the “Read More” link is directly below a huge block of text about ACME’s Solution. What happens if there are multiple “Read More” links on the same page? Changing the links to say “Read More About ACME’s Solution” and “Read More About Working For ACME Corporation” is inherently more usable and accessible for all users.
  Bonus
  Not only does using contextual and descriptive text for links and buttons make your site more usable, it will likely help with your search engine ranking.

• Use text, not images, in page titles and navigational elements –
  Once upon a time, in order to provide compelling page titles and navigational cues to the user, these elements were often stored as images, with different images being presented on mouse roll-over, or when the node was active. With the advent of CSS, background images, and other more advanced styling techniques for web pages, using images for page titles and navigational elements is now all but obsolete, and when employed it presents usability and accessibility issues. Not only will a text reader not be able to read and interpret the images for disabled users, maintaining and updating these images becomes a potential nightmare for your website administrators.
  A robust content management system will allow business users to create and maintain the navigational hierarchy without IT department support. Figure 3 shows an example of a page title, bread crumbing, and menus that don’t use images.

  
  Figure 3:
  Text Based Page Elements

  Instead of using images for these page elements, simply rendering text over backgrounds looks just as great as using images and makes updates relatively painless for content authors. In this example, the business user is able to perform changes without having to call up the resident Photoshop expert to get a new image ready to go.

Use Templated Authoring To Your Advantage

When you use a content management system with templated authoring – such as EMC Documentum’s Web Publisher – to administer your WCM solution, you inherently gain the power to change one template and apply those changes to all the relevant instances of content. While designing our clients’ Web Publisher based solutions, a few common patterns repeatedly appear in the website markup that can be easily applied to all pages thanks to templated authoring. These little tweaks to your markup will not only result in a more usable site for all visitors, but will help your solution achieve Section 508 compliance.

• Include a link to skip the navigation –

  Imagine your favorite e-commerce site with 10 tabs across the top of the website and an additional 5 or more submenu options that appear every time you mouse over one of those tabs. Each one of those 10 tabs and 5 dropdown options is HTML that will be read by the text reader on every single page load; If you’re not visually impaired, it’s hard to fathom listening to a site reader read back 50 or more navigational elements before you even find out that the product page you’re viewing isn’t the right product.

  While it’s easy enough for most sighted users to focus immediately on the body of the page and skip the global navigation, the same is not true of disabled persons using a site reader. By including a link to the meat of the page at the very top of every page, a visually impaired user can quickly jump over the navigation.

  It’s just common courtesy and good practice to give every visitor to your website a quick path to the heart of every page.

• Include descriptions for all site assets –

  One of the most important provisions of Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is that all images must have alternate text descriptions. While it may be obvious that regular content images need these descriptions, it’s easy to overlook all those site assets – like spacer images and logos – but they too must have descriptions. During construction of your presentation files, set the alt attribute for the img tag appropriately. For blank images used as spacers, an alt="" is perfectly acceptable for Section 508 compliance.

• Design for device independence –

  It’s easy to forget that not every user is visiting your website with a mouse. Quickly check all your markup files for device specific references (such as onMouseOver) and change them to device independent instances (such as onFocus).

• Design for CSS and JavaScript independence –

  Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript are a wonderful way to make your website look great. Unfortunately, looking great doesn’t help visually impaired visitors using a text reader or users on browsers with limited functionality (Wireless devices, console gaming systems, etc).

  It is important to design your presentation files to render content in a readable usable manner without CSS and JavaScript. By creating your solution so the markup and content renders in a readable format before the application of CSS and JavaScript, you can ensure accessibility for all users.

Use Web Publisher to Ensure Compliance For Images and Tables

In addition to the aforementioned design decisions than can be easily incorporated into your XSL presentation files, there are a few tips and tricks that can help ensure your Web Publisher based WCM solution is Section 508 compliant.

Ensuring Section 508 compliance for author selected images

As mentioned earlier, a prime directive of Section 508 is to ensure all images include descriptive alternative text for the visually impaired. While it’s straight forward enough to hard code alt attributes in the XSL presentation files for site assets, what about images added or selected by content authors via the Web Publisher content editor?
There are two ways that content authors can add images to an instance of content in Web Publisher:

1. Via the Graphic widget
2. Via the Rich Content Area widget

When a content author selects an image using the Graphic Widget (Figure 4), Web Publisher does not allow the author to enter any descriptive text to be use as the alt attribute for the published rendition.

Figure 4:
Image selection widget

A simple straight forward solution is to include another field in your template that allows a content author to enter a description (Figure 5).

Figure 5:
Alternate text description entry

Now your XSL presentation file can render the img tag with both the src attribute from the graphic widget and an alt attribute using the descriptive text. If this description field is optional, Section 508 compliance can still be ensured by generating an alt attribute text from the image name in the XSL processing, but this will only ensure compliance with the letter of the law, not the spirit. To make your site truly accessible, every image should have a descriptive alt attribute.

If a content author adds an image via the Rich Content Area widget, the author can add the alt text description by either right clicking on the image and selecting “Image Properties” or double-clicking on the image. At that point, the content author can enter the descriptive text in the “Alternative Text” field of the “Image Properties” window shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6:
Image Properties for a Rich Content Area image

Ensuring Section 508 compliance for tables

Another major provision of Section 508 is to ensure accessibility of data contained in tables. Similar to images, tables are required to have descriptive identifiers to be Section 508 compliant.
Section 508 has two requirements related to tables:

1. “Row and column headers shall be identified for data tables.”
2. “Markup shall be used to associate data cells and header cells for data tables that have two or more logical levels of row or column headers.”

Since visually impaired visitors are unable to ascertain the contextual clues (such as color highlighting) that might indicate a table has a header row, these two requirements ensure accessibility. In general, tables should be properly formatted and used for data representation, not for general page layout.

Like images added via the Rich Content Area widget, Web Publisher enables content authors to easily identify and mark tables as necessary to be Section 508 compliant. By highlighting the table cells, right clicking, and selecting “Cell Properties”, a content author can quickly add the appropriate tags to make a table Section 508 compliant. The “Cell Properties” window (Figure 7) allows an author to mark rows and/or columns as header cells (important for requirement #1) as well as set the Header ID and the Headers attribute (both important for requirement #2).

Figure 7:
Cell Properties for a Rich Content Area table

By checking the “Header cell” box, the previously selected cells are changed from td elements to th elements. Assistive devices will read this markup and inform a user that these cells are header cells and not data cells.

To link a data cell with a header cell, as required by #2, a content author can set the “Header ID” on the header cell(s) and then set the “headers” on the data cell.

As with rich content area images, there is no way to be certain content authors have properly entered these descriptors for a table. Blue Fish uses processing in the XSL presentation file as well as best practice education during training to help our clients ensure compliance.

Documentum Accessibility Report

Beginning with D6, Documentum has included a new option – the Accessibility Report — for the Rich Content Area widget in Web Publisher. This option, when enabled, allows content authors to generate a variety of simple reports for a rich content area that highlight potential compliance issues.
To run the Accessibility Report, a content author clicks on the accessibility report icon in the rich content area toolbar (Figure 8 ) and is presented with the report window (Figure 9).

Figure 8:
Rich Content Area toolbar

Figure 9:
D6 Accessibility Report

The accessibility report window allows content authors to check against both Section 508 as well as the WCAG standards. Additionally, by checking the “Errors”, “Warning”, and “Manual Checks” boxes, the content author is given different information to consider for the content’s compliance. This new tool combined with the best practices already outlined can help ensure Section 508 compliance for Web Publisher based WCM solutions.
Note

While documented as an option for the Rich Content Area widget in D6 and D6 SP1, how to enable the Accessibility Report toolbar option was not documented at the time of publication. To enable this option, the following steps must be taken.

In the /wp/wp/editors/contenteditor/resources/editliveConfig.xml file located on the Application Server:

1. Insert

   <toolbarButton name="Accessibility"/>

   immediately after

   <toolbarButton name="tlbSpelling"/>

2. Insert

   <action-mapping>
<contentwidget-action>accessibilitycheck</contentwidget-action>
<editlive-action>tlbAccessibility</editlive-action>
<editlive-action>Accessibility</editlive-action>
</action-mapping>

   immediately after

   <action-mapping>
<contentwidget-action>spellcheck</contentwidget-action>
<editlive-action>tlbSpelling</editlive-action>
<editlive-action>BackgroundSpellChecking</editlive-action>
</action-mapping>

3. Restart the Web Publisher Application Server
4. In each XML rules file where the Accessibility Report is desired, add the attribute-value pair of Accessibility="Y" to the appropriate <content> tag(s)

Conclusion

Compliance with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is required for all government affiliated or funded websites to ensure accessibility for all visitors. With a little bit of foresight, adoption of some best practices, and good overall usability, compliance for your website will come almost naturally. Regardless of whether or not your website is required by law to be Section 508 compliant, enacting many of these recommendations will help create a solution that is more useable for persons with or without a disability.

Further Reading

• https://www.section508.gov/ – The Road to Accessibility includes a comprehensive resource that details Section 508 guidelines as well as a searchable database for compliant products.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_508_Amendment_to_the_Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973 – A great summary of the law, its history, and its goals.
• https://www.access-board.gov/508.htm – Another comprehensive resource detailing the law complete with a tutorial on developing accessible software
• https://www.jimthatcher.com/sidebyside.htm – A useful side by side comparison of Section 508 and the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines